President Joe Biden announced on Wednesday that he will forgive $10,000 in federal student debt for most borrowers, fulfilling a campaign pledge and delivering financial relief to tens of millions of Americans.

Biden will also cancel up to $20,000 for recipients of Pell Grants, he said in a tweet on Wednesday.

The relief will be limited to Americans earning under $125,000 per year, or $250,000 for married couples or heads of households. The relief is also capped at the amount of a borrower’s outstanding eligible debt, per the Education Department.

The President will also extend the payment pause on most federal student loans “one final time” through Dec. 31, 2022, according to the tweet.

The unprecedented action by the White House of wiping out hundreds of billions of dollars in consumer debt follows years of advocacy pressure and recent months of heated debate among Biden administration officials.

Those discussions centered on how student loan forgiveness might impact the high inflation hitting Americans’ wallets, the amount of student debt that should be canceled and if the president even had the power to reduce people’s balances without the legislative branch. 

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Looming November midterm elections added pressure on the administration to arrive at a decision. Advocates have said that forgiving student debt will galvanize younger voters, among whom Biden has been losing popularity, to the polls.

Although the president had been pushed to cancel $50,000 or more per person, including by groups like the NAACP and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., he had repeatedly expressed reluctance to wipe out that much of the debt for all borrowers.

More than 40 million Americans are in debt for their education, owing a cumulative $1.7 trillion, a balance that far exceeds outstanding credit card or auto debt. Skyrocketing higher education costs coupled with stagnant wages have caused the amount of student debt with which people graduate to soar. Today the average balance is over $30,000, up from $12,000 in 1980.

Before the pandemic, when the U.S. economy was enjoying one of its healthiest periods in history, problems still plagued the federal student loan system.

Only about half of borrowers were in repayment in 2019, according to an estimate by Kantrowitz. A quarter — or more than 10 million people — were in delinquency or default, and the rest had applied for temporary relief for struggling borrowers, including deferments or forbearances.

These grim figures led to comparisons to the 2008 mortgage crisis. 

“The student loan system is broken,” said Persis Yu, policy director for the Student Borrower Protection Center.

• The lenders that contract with the U.S. government have been accused of misleading borrowers and steering them into unnecessarily expensive and long forbearances. 

• Extraordinary collection powers by the federal government means that hundreds of thousands of veterans and older Americans who’ve fallen behind on their student loans have had portions of their benefits regularly garnished.  

Research shows that student debt holds individuals back from starting businesses, saving for their retirement and buying homes. 

As a result, debt forgiveness is likely to change the life trajectory for tens of millions of Americans. 

Calls for broad student loan forgiveness date back to the Occupy Wall Street movement in 2011, shortly before outstanding education debt surpassed $1 trillion.

At the time, advocates began to question why corporations should get a bailout from the government on their debt but not everyday Americans who had sought an education.

In the 2020 Democratic primary, Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., rolled out a plan to forgive $50,000 for almost all borrowers on her first day in office as president. Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., went further, promising to cancel all of the debt if he made it to the White House.

On the campaign trail, Biden took a more conservative approach than his rivals to the left, coming out in support of $10,000 in student loan forgiveness. In office, however, the president has been under relentless pressure from Democrats and advocates to deliver deeper relief. 

Wisdom Cole, national director of the NAACP’s youth and college division, had said that nixing just $10,000 would be “a slap in the face” for Black borrowers, who often have to borrow more than their white peers because of the racial wealth gap. 

The announcement is sure to aggravate many Americans, including those who never borrowed for their education or went to college. Rep. Kevin Brady, R-Texas, ranking member of the House Ways and Means Committee, recently called student loan forgiveness “a giveaway to highly educated college grads.” Some Republicans have said they will try to block an effort by the president to cancel the debt.

Critics of student loan forgiveness have questioned the fairness of directing relief at those who’ve benefited from a college education, which usually leads to higher wages.

“Economists generally agree that widespread loan cancellation is regressive, delivering the biggest bailout to those who need it the least,” said Beth Akers, a senior fellow at the center-right American Enterprise Institute.

The forgiveness will only worsen the lending crisis, Akers added.

“The president is sending the wrong message to future borrowers who will likely expect their own bailout in the future,” she said. “Americans may borrow and pay more for college as a result.”

Yet advocates have said that framing student loan forgiveness as a handout to the well-off is a misinterpretation of the deep and historic inequities of the American economy.

Mushrooming tuition prices coupled with stagnant household wages over the last 40 years, they argue, have forced more and more families to borrow to attend college, an increasingly necessary step to reach the middle class.

“All of these fat cats, and people who never want to see help for working people and poor people come up with these myths,” Schumer said in June, in one of his many pushes for $50,000 in student debt cancellation.

“This is not a problem that concerns the wealthy,” Schumer said.

This is a developing story. Please check back for updates.